عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه و سلم -وَهُوَ الصَّادِقُ الْمَصْدُوقُ-: “إنَّ أَحَدَكُمْ يُجْمَعُ خَلْقُهُ فِي بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا نُطْفَةً، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ عَلَقَةً مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ مُضْغَةً مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ يُرْسَلُ إلَيْهِ الْمَلَكُ فَيَنْفُخُ فِيهِ الرُّوحَ، وَيُؤْمَرُ بِأَرْبَعِ كَلِمَاتٍ: بِكَتْبِ رِزْقِهِ، وَأَجَلِهِ، وَعَمَلِهِ، وَشَقِيٍّ أَمْ سَعِيدٍ؛ فَوَاَللَّهِ الَّذِي لَا إلَهَ غَيْرُهُ إنَّ أَحَدَكُمْ لَيَعْمَلُ بِعَمَلِ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ حَتَّى مَا يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهَا إلَّا ذِرَاعٌ فَيَسْبِقُ عَلَيْهِ الْكِتَابُ فَيَعْمَلُ بِعَمَلِ أَهْلِ النَّارِ فَيَدْخُلُهَا. وَإِنَّ أَحَدَكُمْ لَيَعْمَلُ بِعَمَلِ أَهْلِ النَّارِ حَتَّى مَا يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهَا إلَّا ذِرَاعٌ فَيَسْبِقُ عَلَيْهِ الْكِتَابُ فَيَعْمَلُ بِعَمَلِ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ فَيَدْخُلُهَا”. [رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ] ، [وَمُسْلِمٌ] .
On the authority of Abdullah ibn Masood (ra), who said:
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and he is the truthful, the believed, narrated to us, “Verily the creation of each one of you is brought together in his mother’s womb for forty days in the form of a nutfah (a drop), then he becomes an alaqah (clot of blood) for a like period, then a mudghah (morsel of flesh) for a like period, then there is sent to him the angel who blows his soul into him and who is commanded with four matters: to write down his rizq (sustenance), his life span, his actions, and whether he will be happy or unhappy (i.e., whether or not he will enter Paradise). By the One, other than Whom there is no deity, verily one of you performs the actions of the people of Paradise until there is but an arms length between him and it, and that which has been written overtakes him, and so he acts with the actions of the people of the Hellfire and thus enters it; and verily one of you performs the actions of the people of the Hellfire, until there is but an arms length between him and it, and that which has been written overtakes him and so he acts with the actions of the people of Paradise and thus he enters it.” [Bukhari & Muslim]
| Reference | : Hadith 4, 40 Hadith an-Nawawi |
Brief Explanation:
This is a comprehensive hadith which summarizes the life of man on this earth. It mentions the beginning of man from before entering this world, till the day he leaves this world with Allah’s will and permission. And whatever he goes through in between in his life on this world, through Allah’s will and permission. The hadith also confirms the concept of Qadr (or predestination).
The hadith is a miracle as it revealed the embryonic stages of life in detail, also mentioned in the Quran, 1400 years ago something unknown to humans at that time. It was much later that science also confirmed these facts.
We are told in the hadith that Allah swt combines the physical and spiritual aspects of man when the angel comes and blows the Ruh (soul) in the fetus on Allah’s command at the end of 3-periods of forty days in the womb of his mother. Allah swt also commands the angel to record what is predestined for that individual at this time, specifically the Qadr ( destiny) regarding these four aspects,
- Rizq (provision or sustenance)
- Ajal ( life span)
- Amal ( deliberate deeds or actions which involve intention)
- Final Outcome– Prosperous and blessed (earning Allah’s pleasure and paradise) or Wretched and distressed ( earning Allah’s displeasure and hell).
Thus begins the journey of our life in this world on a predestined path. As Muslims, we should be grateful to Allah swt for providing these provisions for us even before we enter this world from His love and mercy. The concept of Qadr goes hand in hand with free will (irada or intention) given to man within certain boundaries and limitations by Allah swt. However, the will of man is submissive to Allah swt’s will. Whatever of man’s will Allah swt allows to happen, happens. That is why actions are rewarded by Allah swt based on our intentions and we will not be held accountable for things which are beyond our control. The Qadr of Allah swt is His secret, and is from His wisdom and hikmah, something which is mostly beyond our understanding, comprehension and feham .
What this hadith signifies and brings to light is the perfection of Allah swt . Allah swt is perfect, and His knowledge is perfect and limitless. He knows His creation more than we know ourselves, and it is most befitting for the majestic and All-knowing God to know what His creation will do. However, this knowledge of Allah swt should not be understood to be in a cause and effect relationship with our actions. So, the concept of Qadr mentioned in this hadith should be understood in context of other relevant hadiths and Quranic verses which command us to keep making efforts for goodness in this world and the next, and for staying away from evil as much as possible with hope and fear of Allah swt. We see that most in the life and seerah of our beloved Prophet (saw) who spent his whole prophethood period in action and working towards the pleasure of Allah swt. We should not despair, neither lose hope, nor give up action, thinking whatever is written in Qadr will happen, but strive and struggle for our religious and worldly goals. That is what we are commanded to do by Allah swt, and that is what is in our hands, our sincere efforts and dua with hope and fear of Allah swt. Allah swt did not leave us unguided, He sent us guidance in the form of Quran and his Prophet(saw), so we can be aware of the right and wrong path. After this, whatever we strive to do with our own will and determination, Allah swt makes that path easy for us. Whether we choose goodness and righteousness, or evil and wrongdoings it is our choice, a choice given to us by Allah swt .
The hadith also stresses the importance of striving for a good and righteous end to this worldly life. It is a reminder that deeds are judged based on their affair at the conclusion. Hence, the endeavor for righteousness and pleasure of Allah swt is a life long endeavor . No matter how many good deeds we have done in the past, they cannot be a guarantee of our righteousness in the future and neither a guarantee of our salvation. It is therefore important for a believer to stay alert and in action to avoid complacency. There is always a chance of falling astray from the guided path, getting distracted and, giving in to temptations. So, one should be on guard till the last breath and strive for righteousness till we meet our Lord.
Personal Note : The above is based on my understanding of the lectures on the same by Dr. Farhat Hashmi , and the commentary of Dr. Jamal Badi.